Nature (2026-08-12) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10891-z
Spatial light modulation is a cornerstone of modern photonics. Crucial advances in photonic information processing rely on the spatial manipulation of the optical phase and state of polarization (SOP). The degree of polarization (DOP) is a fundamental property that can serve as an extra resource. However, no technology exists at present that can spatially modulate the DOP in a programmable manner. Here we demonstrate spatial DOP modulation, thereby achieving control over a new degree of freedom of light. By engineering the polarization statistics at the micrometre scale with a phase-only spatial light modulator, we realize more than 1,024 spatial
modes with fully programmable SOP and DOP. This structured light, sculpted in its polarization content to arbitrary shapes, enables direct encoding of information in a high-dimensional space. We encode colour images into a single-wavelength laser by using a one-to-one mapping between the red–green–blue space and the volume of the
Poincaré sphere. Polarization colours expand the dimensionality of optical computing and encryption schemes, as demonstrated by (1) fully parallel photonic classification of colour images by a high-dimensional photonic neural network and (2) high-security multidimensional optical encryption. These approaches to optical processing of high-dimensional data highlight the opportunities enabled by DOP modulation in photonics, cryptography and computing.